Understanding the Difference Between Backward and Backwards

In the English language, certain words often cause confusion due to their similar spellings or meanings. "Backward" and "backwards" are prime examples of this phenomenon. Both words are used in everyday communication, but their specific usages and regional preferences can lead to mix-ups. This article aims to clarify the differences between "backward" and "backwards," including their definitions, usage contexts, and how to avoid common mistakes.

Word Definitions, Usage, and Comparison

Definitions

Backward:

• Adverb – Toward the rear; opposite to the usual direction of movement.
• Adjective – Directed toward the back or past; regressive in nature.

Backwards:

• Adverb – Toward the rear; in the opposite direction.

Usage

Backward (as an adverb) is primarily used in American English. For example: "I walked backward" (US).

Backwards (as an adverb) is more commonly used in British English. For example: "I walked backwards" (UK).

Backward (as an adjective) is used universally. For example: "The technology is backward in rural areas."

Comparison

While both words can function as adverbs to describe movement in a reverse direction, "backward" is generally preferred in American English, and "backwards" is more common in British English. As an adjective, only "backward" is considered standard.

Synonyms and Related Words

Backward/Backwards:

• Adverbs – Rearward, behind.

Understanding these synonyms can help them use "backward" or "backwards" more accurately in sentences.

Etymology and Word Origins

"Backward" and "backwards" both derive from "back," an Old English word ("bæc") meaning the rear or posterior part of something. The suffix "-ward" or "-wards" implies direction. Knowing that these words share a common root can help learners remember that they relate to directionality and movement.

Common Errors and How to Avoid Them

One frequent mistake is using "backwards" as an adjective. Phrase like "backwards technology" is incorrect because "backward" should be used instead.

Example of incorrect usage: "The car drove in a backwards direction." (Incorrect because "backwards" should not be used as an adjective.)

Corrected sentence: "The car drove in a backward direction."

Example Sentences and Real-World Applications

Correct Usage of "Backward"

• He took a step backward.
• The castaways are living in a technologically backward society.
• The student gave a backward glance at the clock.

Incorrect Usage Example and Explanation

"She wore her clothes backward." (This is correct in American English, but would be "backwards" in British English context.)

Correct Usage of "Backwards"

• She walked backwards away from the door.
• He read the list backwards.
• The project has moved backwards, not forwards.

Daily life scenarios where using "backward" or "backwards" correctly is crucial include academic writing, professional reports, and common communication, ensuring clarity and correctness.

Memorization Techniques and Practice

A helpful mnemonic to remember the difference: ACC: Americans Cut Corners – This suggests Americans use the shorter form "backward."

Practice Exercise

1. Choose the right word: She looked (backward/backwards) to check for traffic. (Answer: backward – American English)
2. Choose the right word: The dog ran (backward/backwards) after hearing the sound. (Answer: backwards – British English)
3. Correct the sentence: The student read the sentence backwards. (Answer: Correct in British English)

Special Cases and Exceptions

While "backwards" might appear in casual speech as an adjective, it is not standard in formal or academic writing. Always use "backward" when in doubt.

Regional Differences and Evolving Usage

In American English, "backward" is more common as both an adverb and an adjective. In British English, "backwards" is preferred as an adverb. However, exposure to different dialects can blur these distinctions over time, so minor variations might be accepted in modern usage.

Quiz

1. Which word is more commonly used in British English? (Answer: "Backwards")
2. Can "backward" be used as an adjective? (Answer: Yes)
3. What is the main difference in usage between "backward" and "backwards"? (Answer: "Backward" is more common in American English as an adverb and adjective, "backwards" is more common in British English as an adverb.)
4. Is the following sentence correct? "He took a backward glance." (Answer: Yes)
5. Name a mnemonic device to remember the usage of "backward." (Answer: ACC – Americans Cut Corners)